Polarized Negative Ion Source with Multiply Sphericaly Focusing Surface Plasma Ionizer

It is proposed one universal H-/D- ion source design combining the most advanced developments in the field of polarized ion sources to provide high-current high-brightness ion beams with >90% polarization and improved lifetime, reliability, and power efficiency. The new source utilizes high-efficiency resonant charge-exchange ionization of polarized neutral atoms by negative ions generated by cesiated surface-plasma interactions via a multi-spherical negative ion focusing element. Multi-spherical focusing of the negative ions strongly suppresses the parasitic generation of unpolarized H-/D- ions. By incorporating new and novel designs for the dissociator and plasma generator in parallel with the multi-spherical focusing the design can suppress adsorption and depolarization of particles from the polarized beam greatly improving performance over current concepts

30 Years of High-Intensity Negative Ion Sources for Accelerators

Thirty years ago, July 1, 1971, significant enhancement of negative ion emission from a gas discharge following an admixture of cesium was observed for the first time. This observation became the basis for the development of Surface Plasma Sources (SPS) for efficient production of negative ions from the interaction of plasma particles with electrodes on which adsorbed cesium reduced the surface work-function. The emission current density of negative ions increased rapidly from j {approximately} 10 mA/cm{sup 2} to 3.7 A/cm{sup 2} with a flat cathode and up to 8 A/cm{sup 2} with an optimized geometrical focusing in the long pulse SPS, and to 0.3 A/cm{sup 2} for DC SPS, recently increased up to 0.7 A/cm{sup 2}. Discovery of charge-exchange cooling helped decrease the negative ion temperature T below 1 eV, and increase brightness by many orders to a level compatible with the best proton sources, B = j/T> 1 A/cm{sup 2} eV. The combination of the SPS with charge-exchange injection improved large accelerators operation and has permitted beam accumulation up to space-charge limit and overcome this limit several times. The early SPS for accelerators have been in operation without modification for {approximately} 25 years. Advanced version of the SPS for accelerators is described. Features of negative ion beam formation, transportation, space-charge neutralization-overneutralization, and instability damping is considered. Practical aspects of SPS operation and high brightness beam production is discussed

Some Features of Transverse Instability of Partly Compensated Proton Beams

suppression of generation and accumulation of secondary particles is a traditional method for suppression the transverse electron-proton instability: improve the vacuum, use a gap in beam for electron removing, use cleaning electrodes, suppressing secondary emission. But opposite solution is also possible. Transverse e-p instability in proton rings can be damped by increasing beam density and the rate of secondary particles generation above a threshold level, with decrease of the unstable wavelength below a transverse beam size. In high current Proton Storage Rings (PSR) such as, the LANSCE PSR it is possible to reach this island of stability by multiturn, concentrated charge exchange injection without painting and by enhanced generation of secondary plasma. This possibility was demonstrated in smaller scale PSR at the INP, Novosibirisk [1]. Damping of the e-p instability allowed to accumulate a coasting, space charge compensated, circulating proton beam with intensity, corresponding to the Laslett tune shift of {Delta}{nu} = 5 in the ring with original tune of {nu} = 0.85. In the other PSR transverse instability of bunched beam was damped by a simple feed back [2,3]. In this article they discuss experimental observations of transverse instability of proton beams in different accelerators and storage rings and consider methods to damp the instability. The presented experimental dates could be useful for verification of computer simulation tools developed for investigation of space charge effects and beam instabilities in realistic conditions [4,5]

Some new heuristical algorithms for minimization of nondeterministic finite automata

In this paper, we propose an algorithm example for the transformation of so-called complete automaton given by a table of binary relation #. At the same time, we know that for this table for the binary relation #, there exists some corresponding nondeterministic automaton having Waterloo-like badness. The proposed transformation, which is not equivalent, is the serial removal of a state and combining a pair of states. It gives the opportunity to build on the basis of the given relation # some automaton which also has the walibad-property. And, generally speaking, the obtained automaton is different from the known in advance

Investigation of numerical approaches to modeling large-scale turbulent vortex flows in the mode of vertical take-off and landing of an aircraft

The study considers the operation of an unmanned aerial vehicle in hovering mode over a flat landing platform. As a propulsion system, impellers are used, which are a system of a propeller rotating inside an air ring. The air ring is a body of revolution with an aerodynamic profile in cross section. The paper investigates the effect of unsteady interaction of vortex flows with the design of an aircraft by two alternative numerical methods, one of which is vortex-resolving. Numerical calculations are performed using the traditional turbulence modeling approach based on the averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS, Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes), where the turbulence is assumed to be isotropic, and the eddy-resolving Large Eddy Simulation method. The main feature of the latter is as follows: a turbulent flow is represented as the superposition of the motion of large-scale and small-scale turbulences. After discretizing the flow using a filtering operation, large-scale turbulence, which depends directly on the boundary conditions, is solved from the full Navier–Stokes equations. Small-scale turbulence has isotropic properties and is modeled similarly to semi-empirical RANS methods. The technique allows one to accurately calculate the vortex structure of any flow directly from the equations of motion using relatively low computing power, in contrast to the RANS models, which simulate the flow using a simplified mathematical model and can provide satisfactory accuracy only for a limited range of problems. The results indicate that eddy-resolving methods for modeling turbulence, in contrast to the methods based on averaged Navier–Stokes equations, make it possible to estimate the effect of aperiodic perturbations on the design of aircraft arising from the interaction of large eddies with each other and with the underlying surface. Such phenomena are accompanied by side impacts of a shock nature on the impeller rings, which can lead to loss of aircraft stability. Under conditions of a small propeller step, the use of an air ring results in a significant increase in the air flow passing through the rotor rotation loop, an increase in thrust due to the creation of flow circulation around the airfoil of the ring, and a decrease in the power on the propeller. Even though the effect of using an air ring disappears with a large incoming flow, this design is considered very promising for use on aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing. This mode of operation is the most energy-consuming and determines the greatest requirements for the lifting force of the power plant. The results of this work have demonstrated that numerical methods based on averaging the Navier–Stokes equations and the use of classical turbulence models of the k–ω or k–ε type, which are widely used in numerical modeling of propellers, in takeoff and landing modes fail to detect aperiodic unsteady phenomena associated with the interaction of large eddies, in contrast to eddy-resolving methods for modeling turbulence